Background: Female genital mutilation (FGM) is one of the important aspects of reproductive health. The economic, social and health consequences of FGM threaten the achievement of sustainable development goals. The purpose of this study was to assess the economic, social and reproductive health consequences of FGM from the perspective of individual, family, community and health system. Methods: In this study, we reviewed 1536 articles from 1979 to 2015. Fifty-one studies were directly related to our goal. Research papers, review articles, case studies and books on the research topic were used. Results: The results of this review showed that most studies on FGM, have investigated health complications of FGM, and few studies 􀁋 􀁄 􀁙 􀁈 􀀃 􀁄 􀁇 􀁇 􀁕 􀁈 􀁖 􀁖 􀁈 􀁇 􀀃 􀁌 􀁗 􀁖 􀀃 􀁖 􀁒 􀁆 􀁌 􀁒 􀁈 􀁆 􀁒 􀁑 􀁒 􀁐 􀁌 􀁆 􀀃 􀁄 􀁖 􀁓 􀁈 􀁆 􀁗 􀁖 􀀑 􀀃 􀀷 􀁋 􀁈 􀀃 􀁆 􀁒 􀁐 􀁓 􀁏 􀁌 􀁆 􀁄 􀁗 􀁌 􀁒 􀁑 􀁖 􀀃 􀁉 􀁕 􀁒 􀁐 􀀃 􀁗 􀁋 􀁈 􀀃 􀀩 􀀪 􀀰 􀀃 􀁆 􀁄 􀁑 􀀃 􀁌 􀁐 􀁓 􀁒 􀁖 􀁈 􀀃 􀁄 􀀃 􀁖 􀁌 􀁊 􀁑 􀁌 􀂿 􀁆 􀁄 􀁑 􀁗 􀀃 􀁈 􀁆 􀁒 􀁑 􀁒 􀁐 􀁌 􀁆 􀀃 􀁅 􀁘 􀁕 􀁇 􀁈 􀁑 􀀃 􀁒 􀁑 􀀃 􀁌 􀁑 􀁇 􀁌 􀁙 􀁌 􀁇 􀁘 􀁄 􀁏 􀁖 􀀏 􀀃 society and health system. Social consequences of FGM are more irritating than health consequences, so to tackle this practice; its 􀁖 􀁒 􀁆 􀁌 􀁄 􀁏 􀀃 􀁄 􀁖 􀁓 􀁈 􀁆 􀁗 􀁖 􀀃 􀁖 􀁋 􀁒 􀁘 􀁏 􀁇 􀀃 􀁅 􀁈 􀀃 􀁐 􀁒 􀁕 􀁈 􀀃 􀁈 􀁐 􀁓 􀁋 􀁄 􀁖 􀁌 􀁝 􀁈 􀁇 􀀑 􀀃 􀀶 􀁌 􀁊 􀁑 􀁌 􀂿 􀁆 􀁄 􀁑 􀁗 􀀃 􀁖 􀁋 􀁒 􀁕 􀁗 􀀃 􀁄 􀁑 􀁇 􀀃 􀁏 􀁒 􀁑 􀁊 􀀃 􀁗 􀁈 􀁕 􀁐 􀀃 􀁆 􀁒 􀁑 􀁖 􀁈 􀁔 􀁘 􀁈 􀁑 􀁆 􀁈 􀁖 􀀃 􀁒 􀁉 􀀃 􀀩 􀀪 􀀰 􀀃 􀁗 􀁋 􀁕 􀁈 􀁄 􀁗 􀁈 􀁑 􀀃 􀁚 􀁒 􀁐 􀁈 􀁑 􀂶 􀁖 􀀃 􀁕 􀁈 􀁓 􀁕 􀁒 􀁇 􀁘 􀁆 􀁗 􀁌 􀁙 􀁈 􀀃 􀁋 􀁈 􀁄 􀁏 􀁗 􀁋 􀀞 􀀃 Reproductive health is one of the essential prerequisites of sustainable development. Sustainable development will be achieved if women are healthy. This practice can threaten achieving sustainable development. In Iran, FGM is performed in some areas, but there are no 􀁒 􀁉 􀂿 􀁆 􀁌 􀁄 􀁏 􀀃 􀁖 􀁗 􀁄 􀁗 􀁌 􀁖 􀁗 􀁌 􀁆 􀁖 􀀃 􀁄 􀁅 􀁒 􀁘 􀁗 􀀃 􀁌 􀁗 􀀃 􀁄 􀁑 􀁇 􀀃 􀁗 􀁋 􀁈 􀁕 􀁈 􀀃 􀁋 􀁄 􀁖 􀀃 􀁜 􀁈 􀁗 􀀃 􀁅 􀁈 􀁈 􀁑 􀀃 􀁑 􀁒 􀀃 􀁓 􀁏 􀁄 􀁑 􀀃 􀁗 􀁒 􀀃 􀁇 􀁈 􀁄 􀁏 􀀃 􀁚 􀁌 􀁗 􀁋 􀀃 􀀩 􀀪 􀀰 􀀑 Conclusion: FGM is a form of social injustice which women suffer. Ending FGM requires a deep and long-term commitment. Knowing its 􀁆 􀁒 􀁑 􀁖 􀁈 􀁔 􀁘 􀁈 􀁑 􀁆 􀁈 􀁖 􀀃 􀁄 􀁑 􀁇 􀀃 􀁌 􀁗 􀁖 􀀃 􀁈 􀁉 􀁉 􀁈 􀁆 􀁗 􀁖 􀀃 􀁒 􀁑 􀀃 􀁌 􀁑 􀁇 􀁌 􀁙 􀁌 􀁇 􀁘 􀁄 􀁏 􀀏 􀀃 􀁉 􀁄 􀁐 􀁌 􀁏 􀁌 􀁈 􀁖 􀀏 􀀃 􀁗 􀁋 􀁈 􀀃 􀁋 􀁈 􀁄 􀁏 􀁗 􀁋 􀀃 􀁖 􀁜 􀁖 􀁗 􀁈 􀁐 􀀃 􀁄 􀁑 􀁇 􀀃 􀁆 􀁒 􀁐 􀁐 􀁘 􀁑 􀁌 􀁗 􀁜 􀀃 􀁚 􀁌 􀁏 􀁏 􀀃 􀁋 􀁈 􀁏 􀁓 􀀃 􀁖 􀁘 􀁓 􀁓 􀁒 􀁕 􀁗 􀁈 􀁕 􀁖 􀀃 􀁗 􀁒 􀀃 􀁆 􀁒 􀁑 􀁗 􀁌 􀁑 􀁘 􀁈 􀀃 􀂿 􀁊 􀁋 􀁗 􀁌 􀁑 􀁊 􀀃 􀁗 􀁋 􀁌 􀁖 􀀃 􀁓 􀁕 􀁄 􀁆 􀁗 􀁌 􀁆 􀁈 􀀑 􀀃 Any money spent on eliminating this harmful practice, compared with the costs of complications, would not be wasteful. It seems that further studies are needed to assess socioeconomic effects of FGM and the relationship between type of FGM and induced complications. Such studies will help policymakers to tackle this practice.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a general health concern. The World Health Organization has recognized it as a condition that endangers women’ s health. This review study aimed to identify the types of health outcomes of FGM. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to create a critical view of the current evidence on the effect of Female genital on girls and women’ s health. In this study, we focused on the health risks of female Female genital. Academic databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, SID, IranMedex, Irandoc, and Magiran were searched with regard to the health consequences of FGM from January 1990 until 2018. Eleven review studies met the criteria and contained 288 relevant studies on the risks of FGM. It was suggested that FGM had various physical, obstetric, sexual, and psychological consequences. Women with FGM experienced mental disturbances (e. g., psychiatric diagnoses, anxiety, somatization, phobia, and low self-esteem) than other women. Our study can provide evidence on improving, changing behaviors, and making decisions on the quality of services offered to women suffering from FGM.

Background: To examine women’s attitude towards discontinuation of female genital mutilation (FGM) in association with their access to information, knowledge of health effects and cultural beliefs concerning FGM in Egypt.Methods: A cross-sectional study of 9159 women, using data from the household survey in Egypt by Demographic and Health survey 2003. A comprehensive questionnaire covering attitudes towards FGM, demographics, and access to information was used. Chi-square analysis and logistic regression were applied to investigate how demographics, level of education, access to information, knowledge of health consequences and cultural beliefs influence women’s attitudes towards FGM.Results: Among the demographic variables, discontinuation of FGM was independently associated with urban residency and post-secondary education. Moreover, women who were informed by the media, and those who had attended community meetings, church, or mosque where FGM was discussed, as well as women who were aware of the negative health consequences of FGM, were more likely to support discontinuation of FGM. By contrast, women with positive cultural conceptions of FGM were less likely to favor its discontinuation.Conclusions: Public education and information dissemination aiming to change current cultural notions favoring FGM practice-through community and religious leaders, and radio and television programs-may play an important role in modifying women’s attitudes towards FGM. These findings have some implications for intervention and policy

Introduction: Female genital mutilation (FGM) comprises of various procedures that damage female genitalia for non-therapeutic intentions, and it offers multidimensional and interdependent effects. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether FGM versus non-FGM couples in Kermanshah in Iran vary in relationship characteristics, such as relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, and mental health.Methods: To achieve this goal of research, a sample of 414 couples (206 FGM couples and 208 normal couples) of Uramanat area in Kermanshah Province, were selected by non-randomized sampling. Enrich Marital Inventory, 25-SCL Mental Health Inventory and the Arizona Sexual Experience Scale were used for data collection. Data were analyzed between the two groups by utilizing independent ttest.The significance level was P<0.05.Results: The findings indicated that there was a significant difference between FGM couples and normal couples. Besides, the results revealed that the two groups of participants had significant differences in mental health, marital satisfaction, and sexual function. Overall, FGM couples compared with normal couples had lower levels of mental health, marital satisfaction, and sexual function.Conclusion: FGM is associated with frequent psychosexual difficulties in Uramanat couples; notably orgasm difficulties, sense of incomplete sexual-needs fulfillment, and neurotic symptoms. Awareness of the psychosexual effects of this operation could help women cope with psychological and psychosexual problems, and could prevent the performing of this inhuman action on others.